[摘要] BIM for Construction Safety: A Case Study 案例学习:美国奥本大学基于BIM的施工安全管理作者：Alex Behringer,
BIM for Construction Safety: A Case Study
案例学习:美国奥本大学基于BIM的施工安全管理
作者：Alex Behringer, Salman Azhar 来源：JBIM_fall
【门户导读】施工安全计划的一个关键因素是在危害发生之前能够正确识别其所有发生的可能。BIM允许项目参与者直观地评估现场条件和识别风险，并提供给他们足够的时间来制定适当的风险缓解计划。
–本文由翻译组翻译，转载请注明出处。
施工安全计划的一个关键因素是在危害发生之前能够正确识别其所有发生的可能。BIM允许项目参与者直观地评估现场条件和识别风险，并提供给他们足够的时间来制定适当的风险缓解计划。
BIM技术的使用可以将工程安全问题更紧密的和建造计划进行连接，从而提高员工安全系数。这里提供了一个更加清晰的现场布局说明，同时提供了用于管理和对最新计划和现场状态信息可视化的方法。BIM的使用还鼓励其他项目的合作伙伴，如设计师、分包商和安全专家，积极参与到风险评估和规划之中。本文报道了美国奥本大学中，一个正在利用BIM技术进行安全规划和管理的建设项目。该项目是一个娱乐与健康中心，BIM模型和4D模拟被用来做以下安全计划：1）塔吊管理;2）防坠落保护;3）应急预案。其中，4D模拟、3D漫游和3D渲染被用来标识各种危险以及同工人沟通安全管理计划。
图1：项目3D渲染图
项目信息
业主：奥本大学设施运维部门
项目经理（工程组）：Robins & Morton
建筑：360建筑
造价：5000万美元
规模：24万平方英尺（约22300平方米）
交付系统：CM代理处
开始日期：2011年10月
预计完成日期：2013年5月
防坠落保护计划
前缘坠落防护计划的编制是根据OSHA的子标准：防坠物保护标准来完成的。两种类型的坠落防护栏杆被建立模型：固定在第二层(混凝土结构)楼板的2X4木制防护栏和三层及其以上(钢结构)的钢索防护栏。并遵循高架楼板孔由胶合板覆盖等OSHA中的规定的要求。
建立坠落防护栏杆构件模型后，这些栏杆就被置于了结构BIM模型中。在执行此过程中，研究人员通过3D视图能够清楚地识别多个坠落风险，而这些是通过传统2D视频不容易发现的。这些条件包括尚未建造的楼梯井和天窗等。因此坠落防护栏杆被放置在这些地方。这些建立模型的栏杆被分割为不同的区域和层，而分割出的这些部分被导入到Synchro®用来做4D模拟。4D模拟可以向承包商提供完整且详细的信息，包括安装或拆卸栏杆的地点和日期等。图3显示了一个典型的栏杆族和其安置在BIM模型中的位置。
图3：防坠落保护规划中的栏杆系统模型
应急预案计划
基于BIM的应急预案包括五个子计划，即施工人员的入口/出口；建筑设备和运送路线；临时设施和拖车位置；紧急车辆路线；恶劣天气的预防措施。从BIM模型中生成的3D动画和渲染用来同工人沟通应急预案计划方案。图4说明了部分应急预案内容。
图4：应急行动计划截图：A)交通流方向；B)救护车到达路径
结论
很多内部和外部的规划和实施用来验证这项研究的作用。该项目团队最近完成的第一个周期验证过程中，包含安全构件的集成BIM模型和4D模拟展示给了一个BIM专家组。专家组给出的三个主要价值点是：1）改进了施工人员关于安全计划的相互沟通;2）提高了OSHA和业主之间的关于项目安全计划的沟通;以及3）在施工前阶段的与施工安全任务相关的后勤事务处理。
在接下来的几个月中，项目团队将定期在安全会议中展示BIM模型和相关模拟，并将彻底评估其有效性。
（下页为英文原文）
BIM for Construction Safety: A Case Study
By Alex Behringer and Salman Azhar
A crucial factor in construction safety planning is to properly identify all possible hazards before they occur. A building information model (BIM) allows construction stakeholders to visuallyassess jobsite conditions and recognize hazards, and it providesthem sufficient time to develop adequate hazard mitigation plans.
The utilization of BIM technology can result in improved occupational safety by connecting the safety issues more closely to constructionplanning. This provides a more illustrative site layout,while providing methods for managing and visualizing up-to-dateplans and site status information. The use of BIM also encouragesother project partners, such as designers, sub-contractors and safety specialists, to become actively involved in both risk assessmentand planning.This article reports an in-progress research project where BIMtechnology is utilized to perform safety planning and managementfor an ongoing construction project located at the campus of the Auburn University, in Auburn, Alabama. The project is a Recreation& Wellness Center. BIM models and 4D simulations are used to communicate the following safety plans: 1) crane management;2) fall protection; and 3) emergency response plans. 4D phasingsimulations, 3D walk-throughs and 3D renderings are utilized to identify various hazards and to communicate safety managementplans to the workers.
Figure 1. A 3D rendering of the project
Project details
Owner:Auburn University Facilities Division
Project Manager (Construction Team): Robins & Morton
Architect:360 Architecture
Cost:$50,000,000
Size:240,000 sq. ft.
Delivery System: CM Agency
Start Date: October 2011
Projected Substantial Completion Date: May 2013
The architecture firm, 360 Architecture, based in Kansas City,Missouri, developed the base BIM model of this project for communicationand visualization purposes. The research team acquiredthis model and enhanced it by adding missing designdetails and temporary safety features.
The following sections describe the BIM-based safety plansgenerated from the base BIM model.
The purpose of a crane management plan is to: 1) identify theswing radius of the crane to ensure its safe distance from powerlines and nearby structures; and 2) identify what trade/crew willbe utilizing the crane at a particular time. On this project, two lattice-boom crawling cranes are being utilized to pick and place thestructural members. The crane on the North side of the project is a110-ton Link-Belt 218 HYLAB unit and the crane on the South sideis a 250-ton Manitowoc Model 999 unit. FIGURE 2 illustrates thesteel truss placement in the crane management plan.
As depicted in this image, the colored masses (yellow, orangeand blue) are used to demonstrate the crane’s swing radius andzone of influence. The yellow mass communicates the possible extentof the crane’s swinging boom at any moment during a particularday. Collision detections can be utilized to generate weeklyreports of any non-steel installation activities scheduled to takeplace within the crane’s planned swing radius, according to theplacement dictated by the overall project schedule. The resultingreport can be used during a segment of the project’s periodic safetymeetings to mitigate unplanned risks due to the crane’s interactionwith construction personnel. Alternately, 4D simulations canbe utilized for safely planning construction activities.
Figure 2. The crane work zone and steel truss placement in the crane management plan.
Fall protection plan
The fall protection plan for leading edges is prepared accordingto OSHA Subpart M: Fall protection standards. Two types offall protection railings are modeled: 2×4 wooden railings on thesecond level (concrete structure) that are bolted to the concreteslab and 3/8” steel aircraft cable railings on the third and higherlevels of the project (steel structure). Holes in the elevated slabsare covered by plywood coverings and roped in caution tape, asrequired by OSHA.
After modeling the fall protection railing components, the railingsare placed on the structural BIM model. While performingthis process, the researchers were able to identify multiple fallingrisks through the 3D view that were not easily found within the 2Dplan view. These conditions included stairwells and skylights thatwere not yet constructed, so fall protection railing was placed atthese locations. The modeled railings are then segregated by zonesandlevels and the resulting railing sections were exported to Synchro®for developing 4D simulations. The 4D simulation providescomplete details to the contractor as to the location and date thatthe railings are to be installed or removed. FIGURE 3 depicts atypical railing family and its placement in the BIM model.
Figure 3. A model of the railing system for fall protection.
Emergency response plan
The BIM-based emergency response plan consisted of fivesub-plans, namely construction crew entrance/exit; constructionequipment and deliveries route; temporary facilities and job trailerlocations; emergency vehicle(s) route; and severe weather precautionsto orient workers with the construction site. The 3D walkthroughanimations and renderings were generated from the BIMmodels to communicate emergency response plan to the workers.FIGURE 4 illustrates parts of the emergency response plan.
Figure 4. Screenshots of the emergency action plan. A) Traffic flowdirections. B) Ambulance arrival path
Conclusion
Both internal and external validations were planned and implementedto verify the usefulness of this study. The project teamrecently completed the first cycle of the validation process, duringwhich the BIM model with integrated safety elements and 4D simulationswere shown to a focus group of BIM professionals. Theconslted members described the three main perceived benefits:1) improved communication of the safety plan among the constructionpersonnel; 2) improved communication of the project’ssafety plan between OSHA and the owner; and 3) logistical detailsof construction safety tasks being fully addressed in the preconstructionphase.
In the following months, the project team will demonstratethe BIM models and simulations in regular safety meetings andwill thoroughly evaluate their effectiveness.
